EU Law I: Lack of horizontal effect

From BluWiki

Lack of horizontal direct effect

• Estoppel: argument for vertical effect but not horizontal effect (see Faccini Dori case)
• Way out?
  • Broad definition of state
    • also emanation of state
      • public service under the control of the State (Foster case)
  • Other tools
  • Duty of consistent interpretation (indirect effect)
  • State liability of MS

References & Links

Lecture Slides covering this topic

• Lecture 7

See also

• EU Law I: Directive

• EU Law I
• Exam 2008