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Intro
This is the Assignments Sandbox for my HSC (Higher School Certificate) Stuff for 2006/2007.
Warning: No Guarantee Facts are correct... Also do not plagiarize, A teacher could easily Google sections and find this page...
� 2006/2007 Kai Adin (Not released under GNU FDL 1.2) Any Text Under here:
Biology
Premim Bio Drawing Australian Plant Species
Completely Drawn Assignemnt 56/65
Field Study Prelim 2006
22/30 Harris Creek
9th September 2006
Introduction:
The Aim of this study is to observe and document the abiotic and biotic features of a local ecosystem. The area chosen to be studied is a section of Harris Creek adjoining the parking lot of Holsworthy Railway station to the east, and the suburb of Wattle Grove to the west. Harris Creek flows north and runs into the Georges River.
Aerial Maps
Methods:
Abiotic Features: Aspect: Using the compass, different locations within the study area were classified as exposed or sheltered depending on generally how much vegetation was in the area and if he wind was felt.
Slope: The Angle of the Slope was estimated by pacing at 1 meter intervals and then measuring how high the hill rose underneath.
Exposure:The strength of the wind was estimated observing how much it disturbed the leaves on the trees.
Temperature: The temperature was measured using a thermometer, which was immersed into the water sample and pushed into the ground to measure the temperature of the soil.
pH: The Ph was measured with universal indicator strips which were put into contact with the sample then compared its colour to its key.
Biotic Features: Abundance: The abundance of the plant and animal species was found by using random 1x1 meter quadrants. The quadrants were placed randomly, five on each side of the creek and the number of the species present within the quadrant was counted and recorded.
Distribution: The distribution of plant species was found by selecting a transect and recording all the plant species found along the transect.
Interactions between Species: The Interactions between species was found by observing the area and recording any interactions seen.
Plan Sketch of Study Area
Results:
Aspect: Location Exposed or Sheltered Direction Area Faces Eastern Side Exposed West Creek Sheltered North/South Station Side Exposed East
Slope Location Slope Station Side 50 Eastern Side 110
Exposure Location Wind Level
- Top of Hill Medium
Eastern Level Light Wind Creek Still Station Side Light Wind Scale: High: Branches moving in the wind, grass rolling, strongly felt. Medium: Some movement in leaves, felt. Light: Felt only lightly. Still: No movement, no feeling of wind
- = for comparison; an area 25m to the east of the eastern boundary (inside Wattle Grove) of the study area at the top of a hill.
Temperature Sample Temperature Creek 230c Soil 260c
pH Sample pH Creek 5 Soil 4
Plants and Animals Name Location Relative Abundance Trophic Interactions Golden Wattle Acacia pycnantha Along the creek and scattered around the slopes High Producer Crimson Bottlebrush Callistemon citrinus Occasional Scattered Low Producer Gum Tree Along the Creek Very Low (6 individuals in the survey area) Producer She-Oak/Bull Oak Casuarina equisetifolia Along the Creek and in the wooded area Medium Producer Heath-leaved Banksia Banksia ericifolia Towards the South East of the Study Area Medium Producer Bank�s Grevillea Grevillea banksii South East and South Western wooded areas Medium Producer Honeyeater Medium Herbivore
Human Interactions:
The section of Harris Creek in the study area is surrounded from the east and west by urban environments, and its nature being situated between a train station and a residential area means human traffic traversing the study area by the pathway is high. Direct interactions include the dumping of rubbish into the creek, which is full of plastic bottles and bags under the footbridge; further south the amount of rubbish declines, but the creek is frequently a brownish, red colour after rainstorms, indicating there may be an erosion problem up creek, which can effect the aquatic organisms present in the creek. Another direct human interaction is the fire trail, that is also used for maintenance of the gas line that cuts across the study area. The path above the gas line is kept moved to aid workers, and the where the line cuts the creek, the trees that line that section have been removed.
Abundance:
Quadrants 1-5 for both the Golden wattle and the Honeyeaters were on the eastrn side of the creek, while quadrants 6-10 were on the western or station side of the creek.
Quadrant Number of Golden Wattles 1 2 2 5 3 3 4 4 5 3 6 2 7 1 8 2 9 3 10 4 Total 29 Average Per meter square = 2.9 Area of the study area 25m x 50m = 1250 Abundance in Study Area = 3625 individuals
Quadrant Number of Honeyeatres 1 0 2 1 3 0 4 1 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0 10 0 Total 2 Average Per meter square = 0.2 Area of the study area 25m x 50m = 1250 Abundance in Study Area = 250 individuals
Distribution:
Plan Sketch of the Transect:
Profile Sketch of the Transect:
Adaptations for Environment:
Golden Wattle
The golden wattle has adapted to the Australian environment, being able to regenerate quickly after fires and it is fairly drought resistant.
Honeyeaters
Honeyeaters have long tongues to lap up nectar from flowers, but are unable to hover, so they fly from perch to perch to drink the nectar.
Discussion:
The population estimates made using the quadrant method seem to be too high for the study area, and the observations of animals was also a challenge, as they were in flight constantly, I counted them as in a quadrant if they were in visual distance when I was recording the number of Wattles in the quadrants.
Another difficulty was acquiring the pH level of the soil using the indicator strips, as the soil sample was dry, and the indicator strips are designed for liquids, also the scale of the strips is in whole numbers so the results may be imprecise.
Conclusion:
A Field study of the Abiotic and biotic features of the Local System of Harris Creek was accomplished.
Bibliography:
� Association of Societies for Growing Australian Plants http://farrer.csu.edu.au/ASGAP/ � Wikipedia-Honeyeater http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeyeater � Wikipedia-Acacia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_tree � Wikipedia-Banksia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banksia � Wikipedia-Casuarina http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casuarina � Wikipedia- Eucalyptus http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus � Wikipedia-Grevillea http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grevillea � A Local Ecosystem http://www.members.optusnet.com.au/~janewest000/Mangrove/home.htm � Creeks Rivers and Wetlands http://www.liverpool.nsw.gov.au/scripts/viewoverview_contact.asp?NID=29432 � Maudie, Kate & Brotherton, Judith, Heineman Biology, 2000, Heineman, Sydney Brisbane Adelade
Chemistry
Chemistry Copper Seperation Assignment Prelim 2006
18/26
St Mary�s Cathedral College Year 11 Chemistry Research Assignment
The Chemical Earth
The Mining and extraction of Copper from the lithosphere involves many processes to extract pure copper from its many mineral compounds. First the physical methods of obtaining the copper ore, then using coppers chemical properties to concentrate of copper compounds and to remove impurities and then the final refining into pure copper metal and its uses, applications and its advancement to science, chemistry and society will be discussed here.
Modern Copper extraction always starts with mining the copper ores from the ground by either underground mining or open pit mining[1]. Underground mining involves tunneling underground, to extract the ore; vertical shafts are dug into the ground until they reach an ore deposit then horizontal shafts are dug into the ore body[1][2]. Open pit mining is used when the ore deposit is close to the surface. The surface rock that lies on top of the ore is called �overburden� and is removed in layers so that the ground is terraced (see picture 1), and the ore is removed by excavating into a levels face[1][3].
From http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Chino_copper_mine.jpg (Licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License)
Once the ore has been mined out of the ground, the ore is then ground up and crushed into a fine powder then physically concentrated by a process called froth flotation[1][4]. Froth flotation alters the properties of the waste rock called �grunge� and of the copper compounds by using chemical surfactants to make the copper compounds hydrophobic or water hating. The mixture is put into a water bath where either mechanical agitators or jets of air, create bubbles the powdered copper compounds stick to the bubbles which rise to the surface, and are skimmed off. When dried the foam is called copper concentrate[4]. The grunge falls to the bottom of the water bath[1][4][5] is then collected and may be processed to remove further useful materials or heaped in piles near the mine[6].
From http://www.mcq.org/roc/en/exploitation/exploitation_3_1_3.html
The next step in extracting copper is called the Roasting stage, here the copper concentrate is oxidized at 500-700 degrees centigrade to convert some of the Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) into Copper and Iron Oxide and Sulphur Dioxide, the product now called calcine is sent on to be further processed[1][4] [6].
The Calcine is smelted in a furnace at 1200 degrees mixed with silica and limestone, the silica reacts with the iron and sulphur to from a slag which floats on top of the purer matte[1][4] [6][7]. The slag is skimmed off the top of the furnace and is either discarded, processed for other metals or recycled as railroad ballast or sandblasting grit[6][8].
To further remove iron and sulfur impurities hot air is blown through the liquid matte, the Iron Sulfate is converted to slag and the Copper sulfate is reduced into pure copper and sulfur dioxide[1][4] [6]. The result of this stage is blister copper, as the sulfur dioxide gas creates bubbles throughout the structure of the copper mass[1], the copper now 99% pure is only needs to go through one final purification stage, depending on its use.
The Last stage, Electrorefining the blister copper is melted into anodes and immersed in to a copper sulphate and sulfuric acid electrolyte[1] [9], with a pure copper cathode, when a current is passed through the anode to the cathode; the copper dissolves into the electrolyte off the anode and are re-deposited onto the cathode[1]. Impurities in the blister copper anode such as Silver Gold and Platinum, less reactive then copper, fall off the anode and collect as�anode slime� below, other impurities such as Lead, Iron, Nickel and Zinc, dissolve into the electrolyte and must be continually purified so that it dose not deposit on to he cathode [1][9]. The resultant product is 99.99% pure copper, the cathodes are then lifted out of the electrolysis cell and are then sold.
With many of the wastes and by-products encountered during the copper refining process, the metals are extracted from the Anode sludge[4] [6]. The Sulphur dioxide gas is captured and turned into Sulphuric acid and either sold or reused in the electrorefining process[6].
Copper is prized for its excellent thermal and electrical conductivity properties. Depending on its use, copper products may require 99.99% pure copper such as in electronics, where its electrically conductive properties are needed or the 99% pure blister copper, such as in piping, fixtures or roofing. Copper�s properties as a excellent thermal conductor[11], means its it used as heatsinks in computers, radiations in air conditioners, cars and in refrigerators, and in cookware to ensure even heating of food[10]. Its conducts electricity well and is used in electronics[11], as wires in generators and motors, computers, electromagnets, televisions, as well as in commutation used in telephones and electrical transmission[10]. Copper is malleable and is used in piping and in statues, as it can be easily deformed into specific shapes. Mixed with other metals into alloys, it is used in coinage; it is mixed with silver to increase strength, and used in musical instruments [10].
Copper has been known since ancient times and was the first metal mined and used in tools by man, the initial process used to extract copper from its ores, instead of finding pure deposits, lead to the development of metallurgy, and the development of industry [12]. The discovery of Bronze, an alloy of Copper and other metals, usually tin, lead to revolutions in the societies that used them. [14]
[1] �Copper Mining� School Science UK
http://www.schoolscience.co.uk/content/4/chemistry/cumining/index.html
� http://www.schoolscience.co.uk/content/4/chemistry/cumining/copch2pg1.html
� http://www.schoolscience.co.uk/content/4/chemistry/cumining/copch2pg2.html
� http://www.schoolscience.co.uk/content/4/chemistry/cumining/copch2pg3.html
� http://www.schoolscience.co.uk/content/4/chemistry/cumining/copch2pg4.html
[2] �Sub-surface mining� Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-surface_mining
[3] �Basics of an Open-pit Mine� mine-engineer.com http://www.mine-engineer.com/mining/open_pit.htm
[4] �Copper extraction� Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_mining
[5] �Froth flotation� Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Froth_flotation
[6] �Copper Processing� Primary Metals http://www.wmrc.uiuc.edu/main_sections/info_services/library_docs/manuals/primmetals/chapter5.htm
[7] �Macmillan Encyclopedia of Science� �Industry� Canada, Macmillan Publishing Company 1991
[8] �Slag� Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag
[9] �Electrorefining of Copper� Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven www.mtm.kuleuven.ac.be/Education/NonMatIrCourses/Mat/5-b%20copper.doc
[10] �Copper� Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper
[11] �Copper-A vital element Properties and Uses� http://www.schoolscience.co.uk/content/4/chemistry/copper/copch0pg5.html
[12] http://www.rameria.com/inglese/history.html
[13] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze
[14] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age
Chemistry The Producrion of Meterials HSC 2007
St Mary�s Cathedral College HSC Chemistry Research Assignment Term 4 2006
The Production of Materials
Hydrogen-Oxygen Fuel Cell
The Hydrogen-Oxygen Fuel Cell, known commonly as the Hydrogen Fuel Cell are a class of electrochemical energy conversion devices called fuel cells. [1] Fuel Cells are similar to batteries in that chemical energy potential energy is directly converted to electrical energy through electrochemical reactions.[2] Fuel cells are different in that the reactants used to produce the current are continuously replenished unlike a battery in which the reactants are finite and the production of current stops once the reactants are exhausted. [1] There are many variations in the Hydrogen fuel cell, using different fuels but all rely on the basic reaction of hydrogen combining with oxygen to produce water and an electrical current in the process. The most basic of these the, Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) or Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEM) [1] [4] [8] uses Platinum bonded onto an electrode to catalyse hydrogen into H+ ions and electrons which travel across the proton exchange membrane and the anode respectively to join back together at the cathode with oxygen gas to produce water, the flow of electrons from the Anode to the cathode is utilised as a source of electricity for many applications. [3] [5]
Methods of Manufacture � Components of the Hydrogen Fuel Cell
The Hydrogen Fuel Cell is made up of four main components: the Polymer electrolyte membrane, the Anode and Cathode which act as electrodes of the electrons and the flow plates. [6b] [7] [8] Each of these components are sandwiched together to create a single cell fuel cell. (see Diagram 1)
The Polymer Electrolyte Membrane/ Proton Exchange Membrane: The Polymer Electrolyte Membrane or the Proton Exchange Membrane formes the core of the fuel cell along with the Anode and Cathode electrode catalysts. The PEM is made up of a thin solid polymer, plastic, that functions as an electrolyte, which is a substance that contains disassociated atoms, called ions [10] making the polymer electrically conductive. [6b] [7] [8] [9]
Diagram 1: A Simple Hydrogen Fuel Cell. [6]
The PEM is typically 50 to 178 microns thick [9] or no thicker than 2-7 sheets of paper, Like thick plastic wrap. [6b] [9] It is Important for the PEM to only conduct positively charged hydrogen ions or protons to enable the cell to function. The movement of the positively charged ions from the anode to the cathode is important as it completes the circuit in the fuel cell enabling a current to flow. [6b] [7] [8] [9]
Anode/Catalyst: The anode is the negatively charged electrode at which the oxidation (loss of electrons) half of the reaction takes place. The anode is made up of platinum coated carbon beads which act as a catalyst for the oxidation half reaction. At the anode gaseous hydrogen is oxidised into positively charged hydrogen ions (protons) which pass through the PEM into the cathode and electrons which pass through the anode into an external circuit to be utilised and back to the cathode. [6b] [7] [8] [9]
Cathode/Catalyst: The cathode like the anode is comprised of carbon particles coated in the platinum catalyst. On this side of the PEM electrons from the external circuit travel along and combine with gaseous Oxygen, and the protons from the PEM in a reduction half reaction to produce water and heat, using the platinum to catalyse the reaction. [6b] [7] [8] [9]
Flow Plates and Backing hardware: The flow plates, backing layers and current collectors are attached on either side of the anode and cathode and provide an electrical path for the electrons to take and allow the gaseous fuels hydrogen and oxygen to diffuse through to reach all regions of the anode and cathode to maximise efficiency, and to allow waste water to drip away. Therefore the backing layers are designed to be porous and conductive to fulfil these functions. The Flow plates are on the outer most regions of the backing layers, Diagram 2: A Complete Hydrogen cell [9]
their function is similar to the backing layers except that they are usually made out of metal or graphite, they are gas impervious to contain the gaseous fuels. The Flow plates are usually where the fuel cell is attached to the external circuit. (see Diagram 2) [6b] [7] [9]
Chemistry of the Hydrogen Fuel Cell and Its Function
The Hydrogen-Oxygen Fuel Cell uses gaseous hydrogen and gaseous oxygen to produce water and electricity. [1] [3] It uses the chemical energy of gaseous hydrogen and gaseous oxygen to produce electrical energy directly rather then thermal energy from the combustion of the two meterials which makes the hydrogen cell potentially more efficient than combustion engines. They make use of set of chemical reactions called Oxidation and Reduction Reactions or REDOX reactions [11] which take place in the core of the hydrogen fuel cell: the PEM, the anode and cathode. In the hydrogen fuel cell two separate reactions take place, one at the anode, and oxidation reaction, and one at the cathode, a reduction reaction, [5] which produces the electrons used in the external circuit and the water as a waste product. At the Anode: Gaseous Hydrogen from a source is allowed to diffuse through the backing layers until it reaches the catalyst layer in the anode. At the anode, the hydrogen gas (H2) is oxidised by the platinum (Pt) coated carbon into H+ ions (a proton) and electrons (e-) since a molecule of hydrogen gas has two atoms of hydrogen 2H+ ions are made, and 2e- electrons are made. To balance the reaction at the cathode 2 molecules of hydrogen are needed, so 4 atoms of hydrogen are oxidised. [1] [5] [6c] [8] [9] 2H2 => 4H+ + 4e-
In the PEM: The proton exchange membrane allows the hydrogen ions to pass through, while blocking the passage of the electrons. The electrons travel through the backing layers, to the flow plate and through the external circuit and back through to the cathode. [5] [6c] [8] [9]
At The Cathode: From the flow plates and backing layers a steady stream of gaseous oxygen molecules (O2) from the atmosphere flows. Also electrons that had come through the external circuit come through the backing layers. When they both meet at the cathode along with the H+ ions from the PEM the platinum (Pt) reduces the Oxygen molecules (O2), splitting them in to single oxygen atoms and combining them with 2H+ ions and 2e- electrons,
Since there are 2 oxygen atoms in a Oxygen molecule, 4 protons and 4 electrons are needed to balance the equation, to produce 2 molecules of water (2H2O). [5] [6c] [8] [9]
O2 + 4H+ + 4e- => 2H2O
The net reaction in the hydrogen fuel cell is to combine 4 hydrogen atoms from a source with 2 atoms of oxygen from the atmosphere. The net reaction is: [8] [9]
2H2 + O2 => 2H2O
The net reaction that occurs in the Hydrogen Fuel Cell covers up the important aspect that relates to its function, the production of electrons. The current of electrons is used to power electrical devices that are used in society today.[1] [6d] [8] [9]
Applications and Uses of the Hydrogen Fuel Cell and Future Directions
The Hydrogen Fuel Cell is a promising new technology that is slowly finding new uses and applications. Hydrogen Fuel cells are finding many applications since it Hydrogen fuel cells are compact, light weight, have no moving parts so they are reliable and quiet, and only produce water as its waste and are more efficient than other sources of energy [14a]. [1] [6d] [8] [9] [14]
Transportation: Hydrogen Fuel cells have been used in transportation due to being lighter more compact and more environmentally friendly and also more efficiently [8] than other sources of energy. A gasoline engine to power a car is usually less than 20% efficient [14a] in converting the gasoline chemical energy into kinetic energy under driving conditions, while a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle has an efficiency of 40 to 60% when using electric motors. [14a] [12]
The Space shuttle has been using fuel cells for decades [6d] [13] to provide the space shuttles electrical energy, excess heat from the fuel cells is used to vaporise the fuel before it reaches the fuel cell and recycles the water waste for drinking as other uses. [13]
Stationary Power: Hydrogen Fuel cells can be used for bse load power plants, [1] Energy storage (at large power stations and locally) to store excess energy produced [9], backup power supplies, since they are small and compact [6d] and as power sources to remote areas.
Portable power: Small Hydrogen Fuel cells can be used to power small portable electronics such as PDA�s Laptops and MP3 players, [16] [6d] that would be stored in small cartridges, eliminating the need to plug into the mains power and enabling batteries to be smaller reducing portable gadgets weight and extending their useable time. [16]
Cost Considerations
Currently the main barrier to larger fuel cell uptake in society and industry relates to the high costs associated infrastructure required to use Hydrogen and Hydrogen fuel cells in equipment [14] [17], and the high cost of producing hydrogen and the fuel cell itself [17]. Hydrogen has a low energy to volume ratio compared to current fuels such as gasoline [14] [17] , which means that larger volumes of hydrogen are required to supply the same amount of energy than a equivalent volume of gasoline.
Infrastructure, Transportation and Storage: The low energy to volume ratio means that Storing and transporting hydrogen is more expensive then storing or transporting other fuels[14] [17]. Since hydrogen and hydrogen fuel cells are not in wide spread use there is no infrastructure such as pipelines and tanks for road transport, both which has high initial costs. [14] [17] The small size of the hydrogen molecule means that ensuring that the hydrogen is contained and does not leak also becomes an issue [14]
Cost of Fuel Cells: Current fuel cells are expensive and fragile. [17] Current Hydrogen Fuel cells rely on the expensive Platinum catalyst, which adds to the cost of the fuel cell. [9]
Currently Hydrogen fuel cells have the potential to be more cost effective, Costs are likely to go down as the technology is researched more and is adopted more into society once infrastructure is put into place.
Environmental Factors
The Hydrogen Fuel Cell is being promoted as a means of reducing pollution and green house gasses. Current Fuels such as gasoline/oil, coal and gas contribute to the greenhouse effect since their combustion products include: Carbon dioxide (CO2), Nitrous Oxide (N2O), Methane and other unburnt hydrocarbons and water vapour. [9] Hydrogen fuel cells has the potential to help the environment if they are used as the worlds primary energy source as they only produce water as a waste product. Since the industrial revolution, society�s sources of energy have all been from Fossil fuels which when combusted produce large amounts of carbon dioxide which is the largest product of industrialised society. [9] [18] Modern Societies reliance on Fossil fuels has effected the environment negatively causing global climate change. [9] [18] 25% of all Human green house gas emissions come from transportation that uses fossil fuels [9] Introducing Hydrogen Fuel cells instead of using fossil fuels if generated from renewable resources, will increase fuel efficiency and since the only product of a hydrogen fuel cell is water, the amount of greenhouse gas produced by humans will be reduced by 50% [9]. Using Fuel cells with renewable energy resources may nearly eliminate greenhouse has emissions and slow down global warming. [9] [18]
One Potentially unexplored avenue of environmental effect is that of leaked Hydrogen from tanks and pipelines into the upper atmosphere. Escaped hydrogen may build up the upper atmosphere increasing global warming by aiding other chemicals in the atmosphere or accumulate in the poles. [19] [20]
Biblography
� [1] Wikipedia: Fuel Cell http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell � [2] Wikipedia: Battery http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery � [3] Hydrogen, Fuel Cells & Infrastructure Technologies: Fuel Cells Basics
http://www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/fuelcells/basics.html
� [4] Hydrogen, Fuel Cells & Infrastructure Technologies: Types of Fuel Cells http://www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/fuelcells/fc_types.html � [5] Wikipedia: Proton exchange membrane fuel cell http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_exchange_membrane_fuel_cell � [6] Hydrogen, Fuel Cells & Infrastructure Technologies o [6a] Introduction http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/animation/swfs/intro.html o [6b] Components http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/animation/mod1.html o [6c] Chemical Process http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/animation/mod2.html o [6d] Applications http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/animation/mod3.html
� [7] Hydrogen, Fuel Cells & Infrastructure Technologies: Parts of a Fuel Cell http://www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/fuelcells/fc_parts.html � [8] How Stuff Works: How Fuel Cells Work http://science.howstuffworks.com/fuel-cell.htm � [9] Fuel cells � green power (Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA) http://education.lanl.gov/resources/fuelcells/fuelcells.pdf � [10] Wikipedia: Electrolyte http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolyte � [11] Wikipedia: Redox http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redox � [12] Hydrogen fuel cells: What Is A Fuel Cell? http://www.bullnet.co.uk/shops/test/hydrogen.htm � [13] Nova: Fuelling the 21st century http://www.science.org.au/nova/023/023box01.htm � [14] [a-h] DOE Hydrogen Program Fact Sheets http://www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/education/abcs.html � [15] Wikipedia: Image:Toyota FCHV.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Toyota_FCHV.jpg � [16] Tiny Fuel Cell May Power Portable Electronics http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/08/0830_050830_minifuelcell.html � [17] Wikipedia: Hydrogen Vehicle http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_vehicle#Hydrogen_fuel_cell_difficulties � [18] Wikipedia: Greenhouse effect http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect � [19] Does Hydrogen Fuel Pose Environmental Problems? http://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/hydrogen/environment.html � [20] Environmental Impact of H2 from Hydrogen Fuel Cell on the Stratosphere http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002AGUFM.A72C0192T
Physics
Waves Prelim 2006
38/40
St Mary�s Cathedral College Physics Research Assignment Year 11 2006
Question 1
The superposition of waves, occurs when two or more waves are traveling though the same medium at the same time, interfere with each other. The resultant wave is the sum of the displacements of the individual waves that make up the resultant wave. If the waves are of the same amplitude, frequency and wavelength, constructive or destructive interference can occur. If the waves crests and troughs align perfectly, they are said to be in phase, and they interfere constructively, the resultant wave will have double the amplitude of the individual waves. If a waves crest and trough align to each other, or are 180� out of phase, they interfere destructively, and there is no resultant wave.
In sound waves, when two tones of slightly different frequencies are played together, a periodic variation in volume is heard, with the sound getting louder then softer in a rhythmic manner. This phenomenon is called �Beats� and is caused by the interference between the two waves. Since the two waves have different frequencies and wavelengths, one being shorter then the other, the two waves drift in and out of phase, when the waves are in phase they constructively interfere and the loud tone is heard, when they are out of phase the destructively interfere and no sound is heard. The frequency of the beats is determined by the frequency difference between the individual frequencies. As the frequency of one tone approaches the frequency of the other the beat interval will decrease, until the two tones match , and no beats are heard. This process is used to tune instruments together in orchestras and to tune pianos.
Question 1 Bibliography � �Beat (acoustics).� Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beat_(acoustics)&oldid=40389539 � Dan Russell � Superposition of Waves� http://www.kettering.edu/~drussell/Demos/superposition/superposition.html � Grahame Pollock �Active Physics� 2nd Edition, Australia, Science Press, 1996 � John Wilkson �Contextual Physics Book 2� Melbourne Australia, Longman, 1998
(You can refer to the Originals at the end of this document)
Question 2
The Inverse square Law States that the intensity of a signal/ or the intensity of a point source object varies inversely with the square of the distance. is the formula used to calculate values in the inverse square law. This means in the context of light, if that at one meter the intensity of a lamp was 1000 lx (the measure of the intensity of light called Lux) at 2 meters the intensity of the lamp will be � the intensity at 1 meter, or 250 lx. The Inverse square law applies to many physical phenomena, such as gravitational attraction between objects, forces between electrically charged particles and in acoustics.
In Gravity, Newton�s Law of Universal Gravitation states that �Every point mass attracts every other point mass by a force directed along the line connecting the two. This force is proportional to the product of the masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them�
Where force is F, the gravitational constant G, The masses M1 and M2 and the distance between the masses r.
It means: the gravitational forces exerted by two masses are related by the product of the two masses, and the inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the two. If two objects of the same mass were paced near each other in space, they would exert more force upon each other if they were closer than if they were father away. If two objects were placed the same distance from each other in space, two objects of a higher mass would exert more force upon each other than of two objects of a lower mass were places the same distance apart. It is used in Astronomy as this law describes how celestial objects orbit each other in the heavens.
In Electrostatics, another inverse square law is Coulomb's law which is stated as: "The magnitude of the electrostatic force between two point charges is directly proportional to the magnitudes of each charge and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the charges."
Where force is F, k is the Coulomb force constant, the charge in the two bodies q1 and q2 and the distance between the charged particles is r.
Coulomb�s Law indicates the force between one charged object exerts on another. If the force is negative (-F) the charges are attractive and if positive (+F) the charges repel. If one of the charged bodies is negative, the other positive, the amount of charge in the particles and the distance between them will determine how much attractive force is felt between them. If the bodies are either both positive or negative, the amount of charge in the particles and the distance between them will determine the repulsive force felt between them. Coulomb's law is used in calculating the forces and interactions between sub-atomic particles in atoms, or the interaction between molecules, in the body or the interaction of substances in chemical reactions.
Question 2 Bibliography � �Inverse-square law.� Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inverse-Square_law&oldid=40289548 � �Newton's Inverse Square Law� NDT Resource Centre http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Radiography/Physics/inversesquare.htm � C.R Nave �Inverse Square Law, General� Hyper Physics http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/forces/isq.html � �Gravity.� Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gravity&oldid=41098202 � �Sir Isaac Newton: The Universal Law of Gravitation� Astronomy 161 The Solar System http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/history/newtongrav.html � �Coulomb's law.� Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coulomb's_law&oldid=40983475 � �Coulomb's law.� Physics 232 Elementary Physics II http://www.pa.msu.edu/courses/1997spring/PHY232/lectures/coulombslaw/index.html
Question 3 The Electromagnetic Spectrum Region Energy Wavelength Frequency Atmospheric Penetration Gamma Rays 1-100Mev 1-10Gev <10-12 m 1020-1024hz 50-25km above the ground X Rays 1-100kev 1 nm-1 pm 1017-1020hz 150-50km above the ground Ultraviolet Rays 3 - 103ev 400 nm-1 nm 1015-1017�hz 150km above the ground Visible Light 2 � 3ev 750 nm-400 nm 4-7.5x1014hz Reaches ground level Infrared 0.01 � 2ev 1 mm- 750 nm 1x1014-1014hz 50-6 km above the ground Microwaves 10-5 - 0.01ev 1 mm-25 um (10-0.01cm) 3x1011-1013hz 50-2km above the ground Radio waves < 10-5ev > 10cm >1 mm Reaches ground level
Question 3 Bibliography
� Michael Andriessen, Grame Loftus, Ric Mornte, Joseph Barry Mott �Physics 1� Singapore, Craft Print International Ltd, 2002
� �Electromagnetic Spectrum� Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electromagnetic_spectrum&oldid=40997274
� �Electromagnetic Spectrum� NASA Goddard Space Flight Centre http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/emspectrum.html
� �The Electromagnetic Spectrum� Astronomy 162 Stars, Galaxies and Cosmology
http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/light/spectrum.html
� �Electromagnetic Spectrum and Chandra X-Ray Observatory� Chandra X-Ray Observatory
http://www.spacetoday.org/DeepSpace/Telescopes/GreatObservatories/Chandra/ChandraSpectrum.html
� �Electromagnetic Spectrum� Federal Standard 1037C: Telecommunications: Glossary of Telecommunication Terms, The Institute for Telecommunication Sciences
http://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/dir-013/_1941.htm http://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/images/frqcharc.gif
Problem Solving Component
Physics Gravity/projectile Motion HSC 2007
27/35
2 Unit Physics Higher School Certificate Course 2007 Research Assignment
Written Component A)
The Pendulum Method of is an experiment which can be used to determine the value of �g� or Acceleration due to Gravity. A small mass is tied to a length of string. When the mass is displaces from its rest position it will oscillate in a regular manner. The time for one oscillation to occur is known as the period. Measuring the period with a stopwatch, and knowing the length of the string used to suspend it the approximate value of �g� can be calculated by graphing the two variables (period squared and length) and calculating the gradient of the slope which will give you �g�.
Aim: To determine the value of �g� or acceleration due to gravity using a pendulum.
Equipment: � Small Mass � String � Retort Stand � Clamp � Ruler/Measuring Tape � Stopwatch
Method: 1. Attach the small mass (pendulum bob) to the length of string. 2. Attach the other end of the string to the retort stand and clamp, let the pendulum dangle. 3. Using the measuring tape or ruler measure the length of the string (l) from the top of the mass to where it is attached to the mass. 4. Gently lift the bob a moderate distance from its rest position, release the bob and simultaneously start the stopwatch to begin timing. 5. Measure the length of 10 periods (a period is one oscillation back and fourth) stopping the stopwatch at the 10th period. 6. Divide the time by ten to get the period (T). 7. Repeat the experiment for different lengths of string, from 0.1 to 1 m, recording their periods and lengths. 8. With the recorded data construct a graph with the period squared (T2) on the y-axis against the Length (l) on the x-axis 9. Calculate the gradient of the slope of the line which will equal �g� 10. Alternatively With the recoded data you can substitute the values in the equation:
The independent variable in this experiment is the length of the sting, as it is the variable changed in the experiment. The dependent variable in this experiment is the period of oscillation of the pendulum bob, as it is dependent on the length of the string.
Two aspects that do not effect on the results of the experiment is the Mass of the pendulum bob and the initial height the pendulum was dropped from.
B)
The Atwood machine is another method that can be used to determine �g� it consists of a heaver mass attached to a lighter mass by a cable that has been run through a pulley. The larger mass is suspended above the smaller mass, when the larger mass is released the time it takes for it to reach the ground from its initial position is recorded. The acceleration of the larger mass is calculated then graphed against the difference in mass. The Value of �g� is then found by calculating the gradient of the slope, then multiplying it by the total mass.
Method: 1. Suspend a pulley on a retort stand and thread the string through 2. Attach one end to a large mass (ML) and the other onto a smaller mass (MS) ensuring that ML > MS 3. Measure the distance between M�L and the ground (If MS is on the ground, otherwise the distance between the two) in meters (h) 4. Record the difference in the masses (ML � MS) and the total mass (ML +MS) in grams. 5. Time the fall of ML as it is released to when it hits the ground. 6. Repeat the experiment with differing masses. 7. Calculate the Acceleration of the large mass by using the formula:
8. Plot the acceleration (a) against the difference in mass, with the acceleration on the y-axis and the mass difference on the x-axis for each set of results. 9. The gradient of the slope multiplied by the total mass equals �g�.
C)
Both the Pendulum method and the Atwood Machine use the acceleration due to gravity to obtain results, and both require the use of a stopwatch to measure the time and a ruler or tape measure to measure the length. In both the Atwood machine and Pendulum method the results would be affected by the mass of the pulleys and strings in addition to the friction with the air and with the Atwood Machine friction between the cable and pulley.
D)
The Michelson-Morley experiment was the experiment that had lead Einstein to formulate the postulate �The Speed of light in free space has the same value in all internal reference frames�
The Michelson-Morley experiment was an experiment designed to detect the flow of the luminiferous aether; a medium which fills the universe that light travels through, much like the way waves travel in water. In the 19th century it was believed that the aether was motionless relative to the universe, but since the Earth was in motion around the Sun, the Earth would travel through the motionless aether and there would be an aether �wind�, that would vary in direction and magnitude as the Earth completed its orbit around the sun, as well vary daily as the Earth spun on its axis.
Michelson designed a device called an interferometer that uses a half silvered mirror that would split a beam of light into two beams that travel at right angles to each other in long arms. The two beams are reflected by mirrors at the ends of each arm back to the half silvered mirror creating interference patterns, which would be effected by Earths motion through the aether.
Differences in the patterns would be due to the flow of the aether, if the arm was orientated in the same direction of the aether, the light would travel faster in that arm then in the other and affect the interference pattern.
Michelson and Morley measured the speed of light in many directions and returned with a null result, indicating that the speed of the aether relative to Earth was zero and that the Earth is stationary in relation to the universe. This result as well as increasingly sophisticated and accurate interferometers reporting the same result disproved the existence of the aether and enabled Einstein to formulate the theory of Special Relativity.
Problem Solving A) An observer of parcel on the plane would see the parcel recede as the plane continued its course east leaving it behind as it descended in a straight line.
To an observer on the ground facing east the observer would see the parcel descend straight down.
Bibliography
� EXPERIMENT: The Acceleration of Gravity www.inglewoodhs.school.nz/downloads/gravity.doc � Gravity Methods Definition Useful References galitzin.mines.edu/INTROGP/MISC/gravnotes.pdf � Lab 1: Measuring of the Acceleration Due to Gravity Geology 202 www.earth.northwestern.edu/people/seth/202/Labs/gravity/gravitylab.pdf � A procedure for determining a value for acceleration due to gravity http://hsc.csu.edu.au/physics/core/space/9_2_1/921net.html � Exploration Guide: Period of a Pendulum http://www.explorelearning.com/index.cfm?method=cResource.dspExpGuide&ResourceID=391 � Atwood�s Machine www.physics.niu.edu/~physlabs/labs/Elab3.pdf � http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atwood_machine � Atwood's Machine http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/atwd.html � http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postulates_of_special_relativity � http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_light � http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelson-Morley_experiment#The_most_famous_failed_experiment � http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminiferous_aether � Michelson-Morley Experiment http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/Michelson-MorleyExperiment.html � Ether http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/Ether.html � Michelson Interferometer http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/MichelsonInterferometer.html
Studies of Religion
The Reformation Speech Hand Out Prelim 2006
me: 25/30 Kieran: 25/30 Julian: 23/30
The Reformation
� The Reformation or the Protestant reformation was a movement within the catholic church in western Europe to change the practices of the church during the 16th Century.
Causes and Origins
� The Renaissance in the 14th and 15th centuries lead to the rediscovery of ancient knowledge, this new knowledge lead to Humanism. � Humanism: a Philosophy which believed in the betterment of mankind through learning and knowledge, which conflicted with the churches teachings. � The Papal Schism in the 15th century, political splits over who was the rightful pope lead to the authority of the pope to be weakened during the 16th century. � The new knowledge gained during the renaissance and the changed social structure lead to theological debates on the nature of the church and the popes� authority.
Martin Luther
� A German Monk Born on November 10, 1483 and died on February 18, 1546, called for a reopening of the debate on the sale of Indulgences. � An Indulgence is a pardon for punishment for sins that remain after a person had been forgiven. � Luther was concerned that indulgences would make people rely on buying them rather then confessing and being truly repentant. He was also against the church using the sale of indulgences to finance the construction of St Peters Basilica in Rome. � On the 31st of October 1517 Luther Posted his 95 Theses on Wittenberg Castle in Germany which criticized the church for selling indulgences, what benefits indulgences had and the nature of penance
John Calvin
� John Calvin French lawyer and theologian born on July 10, 1509 and died May 27, 1564 headed the reformation in Geneva, Switzerland. He was part of the generation after Martin Luther. � Calvin came from the French middle class skilled in Law and Humanities while Luther was a peasant. Calvin used Logic and persuasion in his arguments. � In his 1536 work The Institutes of Christian Religion he taught that that the Bible alone was the Final Authority on Matters of Faith and morals and that Salvation was through faith not good works. Differences Between Catholic and Protestant Beliefs Protestant Catholic Justification by faith Both faith and good works The priesthood of all believers The Catholic priesthood is necessary as only priests can perform the sacraments ncessary for spirtual health and correctly interpret the meaning of scripture. The scriptures as the only source of true doctrine Scripture is only one way in which doctrine is revealed Christ's sacrifice happend only once, and no repeat of that sacrifice is necessary. The Eucharist is a mystery in which the sacrifice of Christ is reenacted; the bread and wine become spiritually transformed into the true body and blood of the Lord No heavenly intermediaries are needed to intercede with God. Although the saints and angels should not be worshipped, their intercession is valuable and necessary to helping the Christian to achieve salvation God's foreknowledge and ominipotence mean that everyone is predestined to their fate God's omnipotence does not restrict human will, and each individual is still responsible for earning their own salvation. The Bible only documents two sacraments: baptism and the Lord's Supper (so called to distinguish the Protestant practice from the Catholic Eucharist) There are seven sacraments: baptism, Eucharist (see above), penance (confession/ absolution), confirmation, marriage, holy orders, extreme unction (last rites)
� Calvinism became a major religion not only in Switzerland but also in Holland and Scotland. � For Calvinists the most vital thing was the preaching of the word. Good conduct was something was something that happened in everyday life not monasteries.
The Catholic Churches Response: The Counter Reformation
� The Council of Trent was held from the 13th of December 1545 to the 4th of December 1563 in the Italian City of Trent. � It was the Catholic Churches response to the growth of the protestant movement � The Council of Trent sought to address issues such as corruption, indulgences and institutional reform, the council refuted protestant positions and upheld the traditional beliefs and structure. � The Council decided that o The churches interpretation of the Bible is final and that anyone who made their own interpretation is a heretic o Christians need faith and good works for salvation o The Bible and Church Authorities are both equally powerful authorities for guiding Christian life o Indulgences are valid expressions of faith and repentance. � Another effect of the council of Trent was that Parish priests were better educated, and the appointment of bishops for political reasons was abolished as well.
===Studies of Religion Assessment Task Religious Expression in Australia from 1945 to the present.===
Immigration Immigration to Australia since the end of the Second World War has greatly changed the religious landscape with the influx of migrants from Europe and around the world. Before 1945 and the second World War, the Immigration Restriction act of 1901, known as the White Australia Policy used what was called the Dictation Test to prevent non-British or non-white people from immigrating to Australia. This resulted in the population being mainly European and the religious landscape predominately Christian. After World War II the government was eager to increase Australia�s population through migration to ensure that there ware enough Australians in the workforce and in the military to secure Australia�s future and secure economic growth. Mass migration was allowed and many migrants came from Europe. Migrants and what religion they were, were originally organised by their ethnic affiliation, Anglicans were British, Catholics were Irish or Italian, Protestants were also British and Orthodox Christians were Greek, Muslims were Arabs, Buddhists were Chinese and Vietnamese and finally Hindus were Indian. Today these religious traditions cannot be put into ethnic or cultural groups. Immigration to Australia has changed the religious Landscape from 40% Anglican in 1945 to around 20% in 2001 while Catholics have generally had small stable growth from 20% in 1945 to 35% in 2001. Non-Christian religions were primarily not represented in the census data until 1981 when the Immigration Restriction act was finally repealed in the 1980�s and non-white immigration grew. With the decline of the White Australia Policy and Assimilation, where migrants were expected to drop their old culture and adopt the host culture, and the rise of Multiculturalism, were all cultures as accepted and celebrated, the religious landscape has changed with many non-Christian and new Christian denominations appearing exclusively in Australia due to migration.
Denominational Switching Denominational Switching is the transfer from one Christian denomination to another. Often one changes from the denomination that their parents had or that they grew up in, to another that the person is more comfortable with, other reasons for switching in or switching out of a Christian denomination are: Births and deaths, where births often bring people back to a denomination, a death can either draw a person back or make them shy away, decreasing frequency of visits and people today wanting to �shop� around for the congregation that suits them the best ,hypocrisies people see in the churches teachings, being exposed to alternative views and the growing acceptance of having no religion and materialism .Many Christians are drawn by the charismatic movements that Pentecostal churches offer up, Pentecostal churches preach that the gifts of the Holy Sprit are important and often that they are given to believers, gifts such as speaking in tongues, sanctification, healing, prophesying and being able to understand prophecy. Pentecostal services are usually more enthusiastic than other Christian services and draw many Christians. People who �shop around� for the denomination or congregation that suits them reflects today�s society�s pressures for personal spiritual fulfilment, these people are not loyal to the denomination but are loyal to the congregation that they join. It has been found through the National Church Life surveys that even though Pentecostal churches have the highest numbers of people joining there are also a sizable number of people switching out. Generally the �traditional�/older mainstream denominations such as Catholicism and Anglicanism have remained stable with a gradual growth (Catholicism) or a gradual decline (Anglicanism) compared to the rapid growth of Pentecostal churches, but this rapid growth is offset by an equal number switching out, often to other Pentecostal denominations.
Secularism Secularism is the separation of religious influences from other influences in daily life. Australia�s society is becoming more secular, since 1971 the census has instructed people to write no religion if there is none, and the amount of people stating no religion has risen from 0% before 1966 to 15% in 1996. Since 1945 it has become more acceptable in society to be atheist, or to state that religion is not important to them as 42% of respondents to the Negotiating the Life Course 2000 wave 2 Survey. Increasingly in Australia, marriage ceremonies and funerals are being conducted out side of a religious tradition, by civil celebrants. Reasons for rejecting religion include: people not accepting an inherited religious identification without questioning it, rejecting to having one particular religion or people being spiritual while not having a religious tradition, disenchantment with the traditional religious structure, death or loss of a loved one, the condition of the world, hypocrisy in the church and influence by others who have atheist views. Another reason for increasing secularism is Australia�s gradual changes in culture where trans-national social values and attitudes are being adopted. In the 2001 Australian census people stating no religion fell by 1% from 16.4% in 1996 to 15.4% in 2001, this indicates that Australians are still spiritual, but may choose not express it through a formal religious tradition. Church attendance since 1788 has waned from between 10 to 20% of the population and in 2002 the Wellbeing and security survey found that only 18.6% of Australians regularly attend a regular service, with regular attendance defined as once a month.
Bibliography � Morrissey, Janet.,(2005) Living Religion, Pearson Education Australia, Melbourne � Noble, Johnathon, Macquarie HSC studies of religion, Macquarie Publishing Australia
� Wikipedia: White Australia Policy http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Australia � National Church Life Survey 2001 o http://www.ncls.org.au/default.aspx?sitemapid=131 o http://www.ncls.org.au/default.aspx?sitemapid=133
Pope John XXIII
� Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli was born on November 25th 1881 in the town of Sotto il Monte in Bergamo, Italy. � He was the fourth child in a family of fourteen, and his father worked as a farmer for a living. � Pope John XXIII entered the Bergamo Seminary in 1892 , and after that joined the secular Franciscan order in 1896 � On the 10th of August 1904 he was ordained as a priest in the Church if Santa Maria in Monte Santo � In 1905 he was appointed as the secretary of to the Bishop of Bergamo, Giacomo Maria Radini Tedeschi � During World War 1 he was drafted into the medical corps and became a chaplain to the wounded soldiers. � In 1921 the Holy See brought John XXIII to be the President for the society for the Propagation of Faith. � On the 19th of March 1925 he was ordained a Bishop and visted communites there. � During World War 2 he helped many Jews escape by issuing Transit Visas for the Apostolic Delegation in Turkey and Greece � After the Death of Pius XII he was elected pope on the 28th of October 1958, and took the name John XXIII � Pope John XXIII called the Second Vatican Council to �Update� (aggriornamento) the Church. The Second Vatican Council dealt with Liturgical reform and the nature of the Church and Bishop � Pope John XXIII had been diagnosed with Stomach Cancer and suffered an intestinal hemorrage on Novenber 27 1961, but died 6 months later on the 3rd of June 1963, leaving the Second Vatican Council to be finished by his successor Paul VI
English Advanced
Critical Study of the Text Much Ado about Nothing Prelim 2006
Despite Changes in society audiences today can still appreciate and value Shakespeare�s Much Ado about Nothing as people did when it was written over 400 years ago. Shakespeare�s Much Ado about Nothing deals with universal subjects of love and deception, Themes that are still enjoyed today in modern romantic comedies and Shakespeare�s characters, Hero and Claudio, Beatrice and Benedict, Leonato, Don Pedro and Don John are motivated and act upon the same emotions that affect modern audiences today. Shakespeare�s representations of Elizabethan men and women portray roles and rules of behavior that are still present in society today in one form or another even after 400 years of change.
Much Ado about Nothing deals with the universal ideas and subjects within the genre of the romantic comedy. Much Ado about Nothing like romantic comedy of today follow the same structure, the meeting of the protagonist where they initially fall for each other, when Beatrice and Benedict first meet in Act 1 Scene 1 and Hero and Claudio, then a series of misunderstandings and deceptions, intertwined with flirting and confusion: the �notings� and Don Johns medaling the Masked ball and the trickery of Beatrice and Benedict, that threaten to ruin the prospects of the lovers, then a turning point at a climax that can either draw the characters together or tear them apart: Heroes denunciation at her wedding and Beatrice�s wish for revenge, then a revelation and resolution that clears up all the confusion and the lovers can be together at last: Claudio and Hero�s, Beatrice and Benedict�s weddings, ending traditionally with a kiss. This structure and general plot of the romantic comedy is one that formed the basis for the Romantic Comedy Genre today. Modern Audiences can still identify appreciate and Value Shakespeare�s Much Ado about Nothing today as it established many structures and plots found in modern romantic comedies.
Characters in Shakespeare�s Much Ado about Nothing to and act like people do now, emotions such as jealously, anger, spite and love in reaction to events in the play are still understandable and are all still felt today. The performances the character of Beatrice have change throughout the ages, to emphasize the qualities of a proper lady of the time. In the 17th century, the transgression of gender roles was intriguing to the audiences so an aggressive Beatrice would have been played. In the Victorian Times and during the 19th century women were expected to be gentle, so Victorian actress such as Helene Faucit and Ellen Keen, played their character as less aggressive, that their aggressive exterior is just a mask for a gentle woman beneath. The modern interpretation of Beatrice by Brannagh, Beatrice is independent and assertive, as women today are expected to be. The Modern Beatrice has a quick wit and a sharp tongue, but her core character as someone who can come out on top in a war of wit with Benedict, remains central to her in every age.
In the 400 years since Shakespeare wrote Much Ado about Nothing societys expectations of the roles of men and women have not changed much. Society in Messina is Patriarchal in nature and so men hold most of the power and they also held power over the women. Women were treated as property and passed from Father to husband, a tradition that has still is around today in the act of the father of the bride �giving away� his daughter to the groom. Women were expected to be subservient and obedient, qualities that some still look for in a wife today. It was the men in Melissa that did business together and administered justice, areas today which are still dominated by men. Antonio tells his daughter that �if the prince does solicit you in this way, you know your answer� meaning that she should say yes if Don Pedro asks for his hand in Marriage. This portrayal of men the ones that ask a woman for their hand in marriage persists today, as men are expected to ask women out on dates as well as when proposing. It is through these common traditions and expected representations of men and women that people today are able to understand value and draw parallels with Much Ado about Nothing.
Shakespeare�s Much Ado about Nothing uses the same structures and conventions present in the modern romantic comedies. Emotions and Characters that modern audiences can relate to and portrayals of men and women that are still understandable to audiences today enable Much Ado about Nothing to be appreciated even 400 years after it was written.
Rewind 2004
Things change slowly. Even though you think things change quickly, If you stop to think about it, it takes time for things to change, for you to grow and learn new things. You can never pin down exactly when you changed because there isn�t an exact moment. Looking back in time carefully you would find some little thing that changed something that lead to another little change, back and back, until you get to a point that you could reasonably call the beginning.
My beginning was in the last week of December, 2004. I don�t really remember that week, but that week isn�t important, only the little change that happened, probably by chance, that would lead onto the others. I was na�ve at the time and my sheltered life did not help the situation at all. Living suburbs away from my primary school meant that I left for school early in the morning and got home late at night, all my friends were in different suburbs and I got home too late to play with the kids in the neighborhood, not that any were my age anyway, they had moved out over the years for reasons unknown to me and my family (It was because we never asked).
My life in retrospect must have been pretty boring. Luckily I never had the time to think about being bored and lonely; all of it was spent on reading books and playing on the computer, and of course playing with my sister. In reality though, I was content with my life back then, and only by looking with the eyes of someone older and hopefully wiser that I see things in different ways.
The internet changed all that, some may think the internet cuts people off, and that it prevents social interaction, but I found it linked me to people that were more like me, people who share the same and different outlooks and perspectives on life, and had the same interests as me. Also more importantly, it showed me different ways of seeing things, little bits ok knowledge that change the way you look at things. It made me to get out more and see the world. I wanted to do different things, and seeing things from a new point of view.
Another small change was being introduced to deviantArt and to the world of webcomics, instead of tirelessly and painfully trying to copy my favorite cartoon and Anime characters line for line in my sketch book. The webcomics opened up new worlds of fantasy and adventure in my mind, while deviantArt stirred my creative side. Not long after I created works that I could call my own.
I remember talking with my mum once, about how time seemed to go so slowly and that things take so long to change, I wanted to grow up quickly and be independent. She said that when I was older I would be complaining that time goes so fast and that things change a lot and would change quickly. I agree with her now that, the time does fly, and things seem to change at a faster rate than before, but if look back carefully, you will see the little changes that came, a little bit of knowledge that changed your perspective, which brought you from where you were to where you are now.
Fast Forward 2006
I still live in a suburb faraway from my school, and I still consider myself na�ve, I still have so much to learn. But its easier now since everyone else at school is in the same situation. My parents have become more outgoing over the years and are not as hesitant to talk to the neighbors. I try to balance going out and staying at home, but the hardest thing is to keep my perspective fresh, to get into a rut with my point of view, to see the world in only one way. I keep my mind open and that�s what counts.
Confronting the Unknown
Year 11 English Advanced Comparative Study of the Text. Slide 2 � Confronting the Unknown is a Journey a person can undertake where one may examine their soul when confronted with the unknown(darkness/moral dilemma) and decided to change for better or worse. Slide 3 � Heart of Darkness: Marlow is wise, a Buddha in European clothing. Both he and Kurtz are Talented and Gifted, but after the horror Mr Kurtz emerges unhinged but Marlow learns something about society and becomes wiser. Slide 4 � The Heart of Darkness is a story of a Journey to the hearts of men. The River, and the fog confuse and wind their way around, representing the unknown. A Few men find the truth, but Marlow cannot tell Kurtz intended as she is a woman and it would be too dark indeed Slide 5 � Captain Willard is asked to terminate Colonel Kurtz with extreme prejudice as he has gone insane and his methods are �unsound.� He increasingly understands Kurtz�s actions due to the pointless death and suffering round him. He emerges a changed man from this mess Slide 6 � Apocalypse Now shows the Absurdity and pointlessness of the Vietnam war. That many young men were mentally and physically scarred during the war Slide 7 � Apocalypse Now and Heart of Darkness share many parallels in Ideas, Concepts and Settings � Darkness of the Human Soul � Anti War/ Anti Imperialist � The Jungle and River as the unknowns Slide 8 � Narratological Differences Between AN and HOD are in the story: the Who, What When and Where, but they are similar in the way in which the story is told, the Narrative Slide 9 � Context and Values: 19th Century The world was in a mist for Rush for Africa, the western nations were all scrambling for land in Africa and other continents to exploit their resources and become rich. Slide 10 � The Vietnam war was a long war with many American and civilian casualties, different from wars of the past, where there were defined lines and visible enemies, many civilians at home protested and were against the long dawn out war. Slide 11 � The Deconstructionist Perspective differs from old critiques as it looks at the underlying social convictions that shaped western thinking and gave them reasons for imperialism and colonialism.
English Creative Writing Task Term 1 2006
The Moon was first thing I gazed at when I got onto the roof, the silvery circle casting its moon beams all over this side of the earth, proclaiming my divine right as a monarch. A cloud crosses the moons face. I look down upon the orchards, full of fruit trees, menacing and rustling in the wind. Crowding like soldiers in ranks restless for battle, their fruits hanging, ready to be hurled at me, waiting to drag me down into the shadows between their roots. But the cloud is blown away and the wind dies down, the moon once again shines its feeble light down declaring once again that I was in power.
Another moon later, and I perch my self on the window sill as my hands feel for the tiles above, smooth and cold. As I climb up again, the wind picks up, blowing into my face and up my bed-clothes, but the call of the moon is great as I hoist myself on to my terracotta domain, my fruit tree minions all assembled, impatient, waiting for tonight orders, from a king amongst the stars.
I ease my self up, I look across the farm to our neighbors land, with only pasture, and a few animals, cows and horses, mainly and a few sheep. I remember going there once, when the sun was high and the moon nowhere to be found, I helped him milk a cow, holding the udder as he squirted the milk in to the steel pail, slowly and carefully. He came by later on and gave us a few jugs. We would never run out of fresh milk again. I look back on to the pastures, but the cows are not there, tired, I climbed back down to the warmth of the bed.
Many moons have passed, and my hair is showing my age. I stare up at the moon, as I always had, but no longer from the terracotta tiles, I stopped climbing up there when I grew too big, no longer the king among the stars, but another in the rank and file, the fruit trees once more menacing and restless in the wind. Clouds cover the moon again, spontaneously I throw open the window, and grip the roof with my wrinkled hands, but the wind howls in laughter. My throne is forever out of reach. I close the window once more, leaving the moon to shine down forever waiting for a new king to head its call.
The Relationship between Looking for Alibrandi and Sky High
In all its unedited glory!
In Looking for Alibrandi, by Melina Marchetta and Shy High by Hannah Roberts, share many ideas and concepts in relation to change and changing perspective. The main theme in both texts is the growth and maturation of the main character, and how the perspective of the character changes as they learn more about the world and the people that live in it. In Sky high, the story takes a brief glimpse of the characters life, a memory of when the character was younger, swinging on the clothes line, to the character being old and unable to ride the line anymore, reminiscing of that time gone by, While in Looking for Alibrandi they take an in depth look of Josie�s life as she goes through year twelve and the HSC.
Another contrast between Looking for Alibrandi and Sky high is that Looking for Alibrandi takes a look at the cultural and social differences that affect Josie�s life and the way she sees the world. Growing up as a teenager in he modern era means that life is complex and many things affect how you see the world and how the world sees you. In Shy High, this complexity of life is left out, and the simplicity of being young, then old is highlighted. Because of Josie�s heritage, being the third generation Italian immigrants, affects how people treat her, and how she treats others changes as she grows and matures. In Sky High, since there are not many characters in the narrative, the way other characters perceive the Girl does not matter as much as it does in Looking for Alibrandi.
Another difference between Shy High and Looking for Alibrandi is the context in which the story is set in. Shy High produced in the late ninety�s and probably set at the same time, readers today would not need to keep in mind the differing context between the time it was set and the time it was read as it is an era that most of the responders should be familiar with .But with looking for Alibrandi the story is brought back over to the 1940�s and 1950�s to Nonna Katia�s youth the readers will need to keep in mind the different mind set of people back then when reading the text as it changes the meaning.
The difference between the text types in Looking for Alibrandi and Sky High means that the authors have to use different techniques to convey their idea of Change. Sky high, a short story cannot go into the same depth as a novel like Looking for Alibrandi can with characterization and character development. In looking for Alibrandi Melina Marchetta is able to follow the lives of multiple characters and she is able to compare and contrast their development against Josie, while in Shy High, Hannah Roberts compares the older against the younger memory of her character.
End of Prelim test Term 3 2006
Overall in the English Exam, I could have done better, I know that I have a developed or developing skills needed in writing narratives, as evidenced in Section 2, (14/20) but would need to improve my expression of the ideas and sentence structure, which reading back on it is confusing. The main reason for my very low grades in the other two sections, was a combination of being ill-prepared and a lapse in my time management skills, I am usually good at managing the time during exams, and I panicked when I realised I had wasted time on the narrative. Also, with the upcoming unseen texts, I�m concerned that I am not that fast enough identifying techniques used to create meanings in texts.
Something I did well was in Section 3 with choosing a good thesis/theme to return to for the Article, but again I was unable to complete it due to insufficient time.
Power Point Presentation
I�m more pleased with how I did my power point presentation getting four-and-a-half�s and fives, With the showing one critical perspective I think in retrospect I made it harder for my self by choosing a New/Deconstructionist reading, but I was a reading I identified with more, even though there was less materials on it. With Knowledge and understanding the mind map was an effective method for conveying the concept, which didn�t work as well but with bigger boxes for the critical perspective slide.
Question C
- I got Full marks for this question, but in retrospect I did not understand some images presented in the poem during the test, only after exam, being able to ask the opinions of classmates was I able to understand (as much as one can) the poem more.
- I picked up on the reminiscent tone of the poem, but I should have started it, which could have made my response stronger.
Question D
- In Question D the main flaw in my response was that I only discussed the ideas presented within the two texts, and did not put in supporting quotes or references to the two texts to backup what I had argued
- Also I generalized a bit in the first two paragraphs
- Finally I didn�t compete this task, like with question B in part 1, I will need to factor time in when writing responses
Year 11 English Assignment
Assessment Task 2 Critical Response Essay
Change is a process where someone or something becomes different to what it was before. People have to adapt to a world that is constantly changing around them. Since change is a consequence of living in an unpredictable world, for better or worse, a person can never know what the results of a change can be. Looking at �Looking for Alibrandi,� a novel written by Melina Marchetta in 1992, it explores the changes in perspective in Josephine Alibrandi during her last year of high school. Josie learns new things about herself through her interaction with her parents, friends and family. The text examines how this new knowledge affects her judgment of others. The poem �The Door,� written by Miroslav Holub in 1962, asks the reader to take a chance and to �open the door,� a metaphor he uses for change. Written during a politically oppressive regime, the poem suggests that the results of a change may bring about great things, make things worse or bring nothing at all. It is better to have tried to change and to have gotten nothing than to have not tried to change at all. �Cats in the Cradle,� by Harry and Sandy Chaplain in 1974, tells the story of a father who fails to realize that he is not spending enough time with his son. It ends up with his son not having enough time to spend with his father. It investigates the consequences of a change in perspective coming too late and a change in perspective that brings sorrow instead of joy.
In �Looking for Alibrandi,� Josephine Alibrandi starts the year young, naive and immature. As the year progresses major events involving Josie�s family and friends make her realise that her conceptions about the people around her were flawed. Josie realises at the end that she has changed for the better and that her emancipation didn�t happen like she expected it too. Angered that his absence had caused all of the problems in her life and the hardships that her mother faced, Josie did not want to consider the existence of her father Michael Andretti initially. �I don�t care about him. I wouldn�t care if he was sitting in this room with us now. I�d look straight through him,� Josie vehemently declares to him during their first meeting at the barbecue at Nonna Katia�s house. He should �Keep out of my life, (and I�ll) keep out of yours.� Later on in the novel, Josie gets to know Michael more. He comes to help her when Josie breaks Carly Bishops� nose, and talks with Josie when she went to the movies with Jacob Coote. Upon reflection on her trip with Michael to Adelaide, Josie realises that she �Never really thought that I would respect my father.� The use of a journal style entries and first person narration throughout the novel enables Josie to tell events as she sees them happening. This lets the responder see and understand Josie�s point of view, and then allow Josie to reflect and comment on her changed perspective in later chapters. The switch between journal style entries to first person narration lets the responder see the consequences of the changes Josie goes through and how her new view of the people around her makes her a better person. Josie didn�t know what to expect when her father was thrust into her life but the consequences of meeting Michael Alibrandi is that Josie learns to respect her father and she becomes a better person because of it.
However, �The Door,� a poem written in the second person, takes a different approach in conveying a change in perspective. Instead of showing a character change in perspective, like Josie in �Looking for Alibrandi,� the poem encourages the responder to change his or her own perspective with the commands �Go and open the door.� The responder becomes a character. The metaphor of �the door� represents a chance for change or changing perspective, whilst the various scenes describes as laying beyond the door are possible outcomes achievable by opening the door. Some scenes like �Maybe there�s a tree, or a wood, a garden, or a magical city,� convey a positive outcome to the reader, while �Even if its only the darkness trickling, even if there�s only the hollow wind, even if nothing is there� convey a negative outcome to the opener of the door. The use of �maybe� and �If,� as well as the metaphoric use of fog, �If there�s a fog, it will clear,� gives the poem a sense of uncertainty. The person opening the door cannot know what would be there on the other side. �The Door� ends with the lines, �At least there�ll be a draught.� This signifies that going through a change by opening the door may not bring anything of worth, a change for the better or worse, and that at least the reader should be open to change. The use of the extended metaphor of the door and of the scenes beyond shows the reader that until he �Go and open the door,� will he know what the consequences of change are.
�Cats in the Cradle,� like �Looking for Alibrandi,� explores the changes in perspective of a character in the text. It follows a father as his son goes through life and grows up. Each verse shows a different stage in the son�s life where the father has an opportunity to interact and play with his son. �But there were planes to catch and bills to pay,� he has to go to work, and pay the bills, so he misses the moment his son learns to walk. �He learned to walk while I was away.� This set the scene for the next verse where the son is ten and wants to play catch with his father. Once again he is burdened with work and too busy. Unfazed the son declares, �I�m gonna be like you dad, You know I�m gonna be like you.� In the last verse, when the father calls his son who had gown up and moved away, and is told by his son that his �New jobs a hassle and the kid�s got the flu,� he realises ironically that his son has �grown up just like me� and has too much work to do to talk to his dad. The irony presented in the last stanza highlights the futility of the fathers change in perspective and how this new knowledge does not result in the protagonist being happy.
In each of the three texts, the characters do not know what the results of their change will bring. First, Josie in �Looking for Alibrandi� changes her judgments of others when she gets to know them more, and grows to be an understanding person. Secondly, Miroslav Holub challenges the responder in his poem, �The Door,� to be open to changes and opportunities they bring. Lastly, �Cats in the Cradle� follows the events that lead to the father�s change of perspective and how the result of his new understanding affects the father. The characters must adapt to a world that is constantly changing around them. It is how they adapt that affects the result of their change. It is therefore evident that a character can never know what the results of a change can be.
Journal Entry: Journey into the Unknown
Prelim topic
I am writing this journal upon the deck of the Nellie, a sturdy cursing yawl, on the sea reach of the mighty Thames, dawn has broken and we have finally been able to get under way and the frantic activity of setting the sails has died down as she settles into a fast cruise, away from the sand bars in into the open ocean, the sea cool breeze ruffles my overcoat, while the gentle dawn sun warms my hands as the sea sprays on the bow. We were quite eager to get under way, and if it weren�t the director�s diligence we would have missed the first tide of the day as well. But I write not to describe this wonderful morning, but to disclose the events of last night, a small feeling of emptiness inside, a story I fear I may not understand�
Marlow my old companion of mine was an old sea fearer one that has been on many adventures, been to new lands, and met many people, exotic things that I, have largely not done, an interesting fellow, one that has an air of wisdom about him in that frame, a frame that was once more adventurous but had some how lost its allure, a weariness had taken ownership of his soul, a weariness mixed with wisdom that is instantly sensed when he speaks.
Marlow had been, as a boy, enchanted by the blank white spaces on maps, places to be explored, adventures to be had, he had been on adventures to the east before, to the Indian, the pacific and the south china seas, but he had tired of those and a new passion had taken hold of Marlow, the largest blank space on the map, one that by had by now been filled, but one that still charmed and possessed him, he wanted to go there to the depths of Africa, to what he called the �Heart of Darkness�
The Heart of Darkness he said? Of course he said he didn�t call it that at stage, and I didn�t know what he meant of it at the time either, but night was approaching and calling something the heart of darkness had an ominous feeling to it. I digress am I getting the order of events wrong? Did he say that in the beginning, or the end? My memory is as misty as the fog that had come gliding in, but no matter it is the idea, the truth behind, that matters.
Marlow had contacted his aunt, who had talked to the wife of an important personage in the company, and it was by that means that he had been appointed as the captain of a steam boat, on the river Congo. But upon reaching the outer station, he discovered that it lay at the bottom, a inexperienced captain had scraped it on a snag, and that there were no rivets to repair it. It would be weeks before any would arrive, and it was during this time that he first heard about Mr. Kurtz, a person as the others at the station described him as a great man, one that gathered more ivory than many of the other agents put together. But others Marlow had said, had extolled Mr. Kurtz�s virtues with a hint of jealously, and regarded Marlow suspiciously, for the same parties that had vouched for Mr. Kurtz had vouched for Marlow as well.
When his steamboat had been repaired the trip up the river to the inner station was slow and hard, but Marlow was driven by the need to meet Mr. Kurtz, over the weeks he had heard murmurings and snatches of conversations about Mr. Kurtz, that he had turned back a the last moment when he was due to return back to headquarters, back to the inner station, and that he was alone. The vegetation and the weather got to Marlow that it was �like travelling back to the earliest beginnings of the world, when vegetation rioted on the earth and the big trees were kings.� The sun provided no comfort, the air heavy hot and sluggish.
Marlow�s boat was attacked by savages later up the river, the swarms of savages threw spears and shot arrows at his vessel, the agents on board firing ineffectual shots into the bush in retaliation, doing nothing more than creating clouds of smoke that hampered Marlow�s vision, his wheelman a native who had foolishly opened a shutter to shoot at his kinsmen was speared, dieing in a pool of blood at Marlow�s feet, he said that after this he was overcome by grief, that he was on the verge of tears. Because that the thought he would never meet Mr. Kurtz, because someone has suggested that he was dead. I didn�t comprehend why, and I still don�t now. The sun has risen higher but the air still runs swift and cool fluttering in the sleek sails��By Jove! It�s all over!� Marlow was thinking, that he would never hear his words that he would never talk to this great man, that he had some gift., that he was �a very remarkable person.� Said another earlier in his journey.
Kurtz had taken a high seat with the devils of the land that he had come as a god to the savages to be feared, that they did not want Kurtz to leave and neither did Kurtz. Marlow that he had lost all inhibitions that his flight back up the river was flight from having to regain his responsibilities. It had turned out that Kurtz was physically weak and sick, but the natives guarded him with their lives , it was a word and a wave of an arm that enables Marlow and the other agents to live when they finally reached the inner station, that rebels heads adorned the old posts of the palisade.
Kurtz had died on the journey back, his last mutterings being �The Horror, The horror�, words he did not repeat when he met the Intended of Kurtz , that he protected her by saying that his last words was her name. Everyone else on the yawl was silent at that time, all engrossed in their thoughts as they sat in the dark. I couldn�t see anyone but I could sense Marlow�s tired frame, sitting serenely like a Buddha, but for him there would be no nirvana, the pressures of Africa weer all to much for him, that his �heart of darkness� has swallowed him up.
But I confess, I feel that I had missed something, in the dark, as the director informed us that we had missed the ebb. Do I really know the truth? No matter, no matter, there�s no point dwelling on dark things like that, not when the bright blue sky meets the deep blue ocean stretches away to endless opportunities, and the sun shines brilliantly upon me, as we cruise down the great river Thames.
Journey to the Interior and Blood on the Tracks HSC 2006
Journey to the Interior, a poem by Margaret Atwood and Blood on the Tracks, a review of Ivan Sen�s Beneath Clouds by Reany Walker, shares the concepts of the a journey to ones� inner-self and the physical journey that metaphorically represents the path a person takes to find him or herself. While Journey to the Interior explores the malleability of the mind, that in there deep within the person it is easy for one to get lost and that there is no one to guide them, And Blood on The tracks, explores the metaphor of the path that diverges, leading to infinitely different outcomes and experiences depending on the path you choose. Both texts explore concept of the limits and boundaries of the characters identities. Be it internally or externally.
In Journey to the Interior, Margaret Atwood begins the poem with a description of a endless confusing plain representing and symbolising her inner-self �I notice: that the hills which the eyes make flat as a wall, welded together, open as I move� that �become endless as prairies�. She describes �travel is not the easy going from point to point, a dotted line on the map� that she is surrounded by a �tangle of branches� and a �net of air� and there are no destinations apart of this. She uses the symbols of the tangle of branches and the net to air to show the complexities of navigating the mind, that everything is interwoven and connected and that she finds it hard to find her way through. She describes the emotional Journey as something that must be done alone that �words here are pointless as calling in the vacant wilderness� and as something important.
On the other hand, Blood on the tracks, discusses the idea of a choice in a journey, a crossroads in which going one way opens opportunities and advancement in one way, but closes doors and other opportunities on the other branch. That �Freedom of motion and predetermined movement intersect accordingly� is an idea that is not explored in Journey to the interior. Another contrast is that Blood on the tracks places an emphasis on the metaphor of the road, a defined path, something concrete to follow �carrying us on by enabling a way as such� rather than �the vacant wilderness� described in Journey to the Interior.
Journey to the Interior uses First person present tense, giving it a tone of someone�s thoughts, a stream of consciousness, the aside �(have I been walking in circles again?)� strengthens this making the reader feel we are listening to the characters thoughts. This is contrasted with the purpose and tone of the text Blood on the Tracks being a feature article, its tone of factual and doesn�t use the techniques of Alliteration �point to point, a dotted line on a map� and rhyme to create images that convey the meaning of the ideas presented. The purpose of exploring the ideas of diverging paths and decisions in Blood on the Tracks was of lead on to an exploration of the genre of the road movie, and how it has become embedded within our selves as a way to express he concept of a journey and to review the film Beneath Clouds.
The Wind in the Willows and Crossing the Red Sea HSC 2007
The Wind in the Willows a novel by Kenneth Grahame and Crossing the Red Sea a poem by Peter Skrzyneki, explores the common theme of journeying outside your comfort zones, from the known to the unknown, wether by choice or by circumstance, to gain new experiences and to find your identity. In the extract of The Wind in the Willows Kenneth Grahame tells the story of three upper class members of English society Rat, Toad and Mole as Toad tries to convince Rat and Mole to leave their homes behind as they embark on a trip to the �Camps, villages, towns, cities!� around England to see the world and to expand their horizons as they journey away from the known and into the unknown. Crossing the Red sea on the other hand explores the different thoughts and perspectives of the migrants fleeing from their familiar war-torn home lands to search for a new life and identity in a new land far away. Both the texts use the image of the physical journey as a metaphor for the Inner journey of finding out your identity and the world around you and the imaginative journey of hope adventure and a greater perspective on your circumstances.
The Wind in the Willows Begins with the Toad an enthusiastic and excitable fellow who has lead his friends to his stable yard to show off his new gypsy caravan �the very finest of the sort that was ever built�. Toad plans to go on a journey away from where they live now to see �the open road, the dusty highway, the heath, the common, the hedgerows� to increasingly larger and unknown places and settings with the use of cumulating common nouns �Camps, villages, towns, cities!� Toad appeals to the adventurous side of his friends that there is �Travel, Interest, excitement, the whole world before you and a horizon that�s always changing� Toad extols the virtues of going on a journey of self discovery, one your choice to see the wonders of the world. In contrast to this, the migrants aboard the ship in Crossing the Red Sea have left their home lands by force and necessity, driven away by a war �now four years dead� they travel across the sea �Shirtless, in shorts, barefooted� �Themselves a landscape of milk-white flesh On a scoured and polished deck� which conveys a sense of loss and emptiness.
Reflection
How has the Study of the Texts Broadened the Understanding of the World and Myself.
Personal Response
The Study of the texts in the context of journeys has boarded my understanding of the world by enabling me to see into different lives and thoughts of the authors, and their experiences into their characters and stories.
I found The Road not taken and the first section of Blood on The Tracks interesting as their concept of the journey where �the route not taken may simultaneously render something in/accessible� as a striking analogy into the scientific concept of world lines and simultaneous universes, where taking one path, or making a choice (a split in a world line) changes the view of space time rendering many new events accessible and rendering many others inaccessible. �Freedom of motion and predetermined movement run parallel� can help sum up the further concept that a split in a world line may create a new parallel universe where once choice was made and in the other the opposite choice was made. Does free will exist, when in a larger scope, there exits many other �yous� that have done everything?
Skrzynecki�s poems of his parent�s experiences he describes in Crossing the Red Sea and Migrant Hostel mirror somewhat the experiences that my parents had when they migrated to Australia but unlike the migrants, my parents came here looking to improve their lives. Also they already had jobs and friends to rely upon but the idea of going somewhere better and the element of hope present at the end of Crossing the Red Sea is similar.
In the Wild
appx 700 word, mini rushed essay on comparing two texts
How has the Concept of �In the Wild� been represented in the Opening Scenes of Brave New World and Blade Runner
The concept of �In the Wild� can be interpreted in many different ways, and with different levels of meaning. Hence it is represented in the texts Brave New World by Aldous Huxley and in Blade Runner a film directed by Ridley Scott with different levels of meaning. Both texts explore the loss of individual freedom and creative thought in worlds that have become rationalised and sterile, reflected in environments where emotions, of love, sharing and community are absent or corrupted, And living is a bore compared to our society today. Ian Collinson, a Lecturer at the University of New South Wales suggests that there are three interpretations of the concept of � In the Wild�. The first interpretation if that of the absence of the �the Wild� of the natural world and all that is related to it, in both texts �the Wild� as nature is absent replaces by sterile cities and artificial animals. The second interpretation is that �the Wild� represents individual freedoms and choice, that being in �the Wild� means the ability to do what you want and think as you wish. The third interpretation is that �the Wild� represents creativity, emotions, unpredictability and the imagination. Both texts explores all three if these interpretations and uses them as metaphors that represent each other in the texts.
In the opening chapters of Brave New World, a novel first published in 1932, the story begins with the introduction of the Central London Hatchery and Conditioning Centre described as �A squat grey building of only thirty-four stories� it instantly implies that the environment in London is highly urbanised, where buildings of �only� thirty four stories are dwarfed by larger brothers and sisters. The description of large cityscapes of towering skyscrapers is a staple of cyberpunk and dystopian narratives to create a mood of being a small part of the machinery that is the world and society around you. Huxley then proceeds to orientate the reader with the setting through using the Director of Hatcheries and Condoning to explain the World State and its mechanics, the World State and its society, with its motto �Community, Identity, Stability� seems at first to describe a utopian society, and much of the first does so, humanity has reached new heights in technology, especially biotechnology, �Old, young? Thirty? Fifty? Fifiy-five? It was hard to say. And anyhow the question didn�t arise; in this year of stability, A.F 632, it didn�t occur to ask it� the world of the world state is shown to be stable and happy, aging not an issue anymore, �the Wild� in the sense of nature has been subdued, with mans cities and technology. While not deeply explored in the opening chapter of Brave New World the representation of �the Wild� in the sense of individuality and creativity is hinted at, with the description of the procedures used to condition the embryos.
Unlike Brave New World, Blade Runner immediately makes it plan to the reader that the world, is a terrible place, the opening scene establishing a dark world, with an absence of anything natural. This contrasts Brave New World, as it does not try to portray any good aspects of the world. With the first views of the Tyrell corporation tower, with its Anarchic architecture, the dust and smoke and old fans reminds the audience of the emptiness and inhospitably of the place, �the wild� in the sense of nature and natural things is absent, as it is in Brave New World. Pollution and runaway industry and technology is shown with the petroleum flares and the huge pyramid of Tyrell Corporation, that towers over the night sky. In the next scene where Deckard is picked up by Gaff, an element of nature is shown, Rain, thou natural, its extensive use throughout the film undermines its elements of being wild, to that of depression and loneliness, being wet and miserable. Up in the Sky, advertising blimps promise �a better life in the off world colonies� �where you can begin again� lives of adventure and excitement� representing elements of individual freedom and the possibility of excitement, which is related to creativity. Even during the day scenes are still naturally dark and buildings are constantly in shadow. The concept of in the wild is also shown through the dreariness and the bleakness of the characters, unanimated, tired and dishevelled, it shows the lack of life that the human characters possess.
Journalistic Ethics
Explain how the Issue of Journalistic Ethics is explored in one ORT and the Frontline episode, The Siege.
The portrayal of the Truth and Journalistic ethics are often placed second to the pursuit of ratings and a sensational story. One of the reoccurring themes in the television series Frontline is that of the means in which the fictional frontline crew use in the pursuit of ratings for their current affairs television program. This theme is further explored in The Sydney Morning Herald article from the 19th of May 2007 In a Spin over One pretty baby, in which Farah Faroque analyses the print media and society on the spin and sensationalization utilised in The Daily Telegraph article also about Baby Catherine on the 15th of May 2007 entitled HOW COULD SHE.
In the television episode The Siege of Frontline, Brian the producer of the show hears on the radio of the siege unfolding, he orders for his reporters, Brook and Marty to get to the studio as soon as possible to cover the story. The creators of Frontline immediately delve into the issue of the portrayal of the truth and their ethical practices. Marty with the crew on the ground near the siege site complains to his crew about the 5 kilometre exclusion zone. He is indifferent to the purposes of the exclusion zone and the reasons the police have placed it, and to the danger that they could be in of they were allowed closer. Subtly it implies that reporters are willing to risk their lives for the sake of television ratings and their careers. Back in the Studio Emma, Brian�s assistant is trying to locate an Psychologist in order to interview him for the program, unable to get a hold of one, Emma suggests that they use a student instead to which Brian waves away the idea, but is convinced when Emma describes the student as being mature age and even having a beard, �He�s got a beard� Brian accepts and goes on to suggest that they interview him in front of a bookcase. The choice of Brian to place the psychology student in front of a book cause was done by Rob Sitch and his team to comment upon how the Current Affairs and television media try to manipulate the truth using visual clues to suggest that their program is authoritative mirroring the situation in real world current affairs programming.
The Article from The Sydney Morning Herald In a Spin over One pretty baby explores the issue of the media placing a spin on the truth of an event to arouse dissuasion and debate at the expense of the subjects in the article. The Daily Telegraphs article HOW COULD SHE immediately grabs the attention of the readers on the front page, asking a rhetorical question, on how the mother could abandon the baby like that. Farah Faroque comments that this was an irresponsible course of action, �It seemed to be dumping on the mother. So the narrative twisted, it turned uglier,� the article in the telegraph became one of blame and culpability. With the Daily Telegraph placing the blame on the mother, �it spun off into something of a political debate, not helpful to either mother or the baby�. This mirrors the events in The Siege where the truth is distorted to increase the ratings of the show, the truth is distorted in the Daily Telegraph to increase readership.
King Lear Parramatta Riverside Theatre Reflection
The performance of King Lear by the Studio Company, directed by Mark Kilmurry at the Parramatta Riverside on the 18th of July 2007 Theatre gave a unique perspective of the play in a modern context. The first detail to catch the eye, entering the theatre was the size of the performance space, set out in a Theatre in the Round, the stage was only a square 5 by 5 metres, a unique compared to other performances presented to us throughout the year, contrasting the wide expansive sets and cinematic style of productions such as Grigori Kozintsev�s Korol Lir and the 1962 production by Peter Brook, it bears similarities to the minimalist set of the production by Sir Richard Eyre as well as in the directors vision for a Family Psychological reading to the play. Due to the small performance space, the minimalism was taken to a new level, with no props other than a lone box and the clothes the actors wore. Unfortunately, for most of the first scene of Act One, the �Love Trial�, the actors faced in the opposite direction, facing the other audience members on the other three sides, but having their backs to, what must have been the �back� of the square stage, preventing a quarter of the audience to see the faces of the sisters when they spoke of their love for their father.
Another striking feature if the performance space was the use of four large candles, positioned outside of the main stage, in the corners left empty by the stands, to provide a flickering, eerie light, especially when the stage lights, were left off, they were effective in conveying danger, in act 1 scene 2, and the true nature of Edmond in his monologue to the audience cursing his heritage, and plotting against his brother, for his fathers inheritance. Mark Kilmurry used with his actors, modern forms of dress for his actors costumes, giving the older males, suits and shirts, contrasted with the Edgar�s and Edmonds, casual leather jackets, bringing the idea of the difference of age and generation between Lear, and Gloucester and Edgar and Edmond. The different costumes in the daughters of Lear, are used to distinguish the personality and the maturity, in a sense, of the sisters. Gonerill wore throughout the play a brown trousers and jacket, to signify her role as the eldest sister and most mature, Regan wore a long dress, and blouse, while Cordelia, wore a once piece dress, blue, perhaps to show her more child like nature, in contrast to the more business like suit of Gonerill.
An interesting aspect of this production of the play of King Lear is the absence of the leading male characters of the Duke of Albany and the Duke of Cornwall as well as the suitors of Cordelia, the King of France and the Duke of Burgundy, this lends itself to an possible unintended feminist presentation of the play, possibly brought about by practically, this must have been a conscious choice of the Mark Kilmurry to limit the about of actors crowding what was an already small performance space. The Absence of Albany and Cornwall, silences their voice and their point of view in the play, and in this production of the play, the wives were portrayed as making all the decisions as rulers of their households and making decisions personally without the interference of needing to defer to their husbands, portraying Gonerill and Regan as having the power. Though standing on its own this may seem insignificant, compared to the productions by Miller, Kozintsev and Brook, the power of the two sisters highlighted. The power of Gonerill and Regan is highlighted in scene of Gloucester�s interrogation and blinding, instead of the blinding being done by Cornwall, it is done first by Gonerill with the heel of her shoe and then by Regan, the silence of the husbands is further brought to light here, as the death of Cornwall is only referred to in a later scene in passing.
The absence of the crown, in Lear, was a reading that the director intentionally introduced into the presentation of King Lear �I have again opted for a domestic telling of the story focusing on Lear and his daughters, Gloucester and his sons.� This is a distinctly modern interpretation of the play and complements the modern styles of dress seen during this production of King Lear. The absence of the crown in Lear removes what many in previous generations and productions was an important subtext in the play, that the body politic was inseparable from the body natural, and that the body politic transcends human infirmary that the body natural is subject to. This indivisibility of the two bodies is broken in the opening scene, when Lear �divided in three our kingdom� but stipulates to still �retain The name and all the additions to a king�, the absence of the effects of the separation of the body politic and body natural and its effects on the country in this production of the play change drastically the meaning and understanding of the play, though not necessarily something negative. The reading of the play in a domestic psychoanalytical manner is one reflective of the modern context and values, in which modern audience members live in a post-monarchical, democratic world, where the actions of one, have theoretically less impact on the lives of many.
English Listening Task
Frontline: Add Sex and Stir
How does Rob Sitch et al use the episode Add Sex and Stir to support the notion that in the world of media it is the quest for money that has the power rather than the quest for truth.
Rob Sitch and his team use the episode of Frontline to demonstrate the hypocrisy of the Frontline team in presenting Current Affairs on their show in a quest for ratings which leads to money. Using techniques to create a verisimilitude to real life current affairs shows, Rob Sitch et al, uses humour, exaggeration, caricature, ridicule and sarcasm to parody and satirise the often similar practices of actual current affairs show to the responders that it is actually the ratings that matter not the truth. Brian and Emma, the producers of the current affairs show Frontline are part of a complex hierarchy of power that controls and manipulates the rest of the Frontline team, in a conscious effort to gain the top ratings from what they believe to be a simple audience.
Underneath the producers but at the top of the heap of reporters, is Brooke Vandenberg, an excellent manipulator, she knows how to bend the story and the truth to make it �interesting�, and in a world where image is everything Brook comes out on top. It is Brook initially that brought up the story of the Australian Women�s netball team when one of the players is dropped from the team, and she is the one who decides to �change the question a bit� in order to focus upon the sleazy element of the story to add �Just a bit of Spice�, verisimilitude is created with the presence of the technical crew, camera man and sound engineer when they recording the interview with the dropped netball player, the �noddies� the nods and responses to the interviewee�s answers are recorded after the actual interview in an exaggerated manner to highlight the way the truth is constructed by the frontline editors to sensationalise the story. The re-enactment of the shower room scene, a staple of current affairs shows in that time, further establishes verisimilitude and parodies the way re-enactments are used by current affairs shows to appear authoritarian and to reinforce a particular interpretation of the version of events.
The main plot of the netball story is complemented with the sub-plot involving Mike Moore wanting to run do an advertisement for Australia First, he is motivated by money and is quite happy that the company knows how much he is �worth�. Brian is opposed to the advertisement and tries to manipulate Mike in to changing his mind, and by offering him a spot on Burkes Backyard, Brian fears that Mike�s ad will cheapen his image which is important to the station. The importance of ratings is highlighted with Marty�s cynical comment on �an ancient current affairs recipe� handed down to him by his grandmother �take any current affairs story, add sex and Stir� mirroring quotes from We ain�t got dames where Brian remarks �we got 3 minutes to do a story, 5 if it involves nudity� making sexual sensationalism a reoccurring theme throughout Frontline since it draws in viewers, rather than the truth.
